Use and Operation – Should the SUM endorsement be read differently than the no-fault endorsement?

Use and Operation.  This is one area of law that is all over the place.  Practitioners that are called upon to give opinions on whether coverage is implicated through a vehicle’s use and operation, and whether coverage should be shared between numerous carrier, should usually walk on egg shells.  This is a difficult area of law, and it changes every day, and this case is a doozy.

I am going to pretty much cut and paste this decision and the dissent – something I try to avoid.  In my years of practice, I have never seen a court explicitly hold that use and operation should have a different interpretation under the SUM endorsement as opposed to the PIP endorsement.  If someone could give me a bright line rule on this coverage issue, please share.  Please do not cite Matter of Manhattan & Bronx Surface Tr. Operating Auth. (Gholson), 71 AD 1004 (2d Dept. 1979).

Also, this may end up at the court of appeals.  It really should actually.  And now………..

Matter of Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v Malatino, 2010 NY Slip Op 06204 (3d Dept. 2010)

“While respondent Marcia Malatino (hereinafter respondent) was returning to work after taking a break in the employer’s parking lot, she walked into a piece of sheet metal extending approximately five feet beyond the tailgate of a coworker’s parked pickup truck, sustaining facial lacerations and a broken nose. According to the record, the coworker had torn the sheet metal off a building on his property and planned to deliver it to a junkyard after work.”

“Initially, we note that the issue herein involves the right to arbitration under the specific terms of the parties’ supplemental underinsured motorists policy and not the application of any statutory no-fault provisions . A court may grant an application to stay arbitration “where ‘the particular claim sought to be arbitrated is outside scope of the agreement to arbitrate’” (Matter of Farm Family Cas. Ins. Co. , 301 AD2d 740, 741

Clearly, the pickup truck was not being operated at the time of the accident — having been parked in the employer’s lot when the coworker arrived at work. The focus herein, however, is whether the vehicle was in use so as to fall within the scope of the terms of the supplemental underinsured motorists policy. Here, at the time of respondent’s injury, the pickup truck was being used by the coworker to transport the sheet metal to the junkyard after work. Construing the language of the supplemental underinsured motorists policy liberally “in favor of the insured and strictly against the insurer” (Penna v Federal Ins. Co., 28 AD3d at 731), and given the causal connection between the use of the pickup truck to transport the sheet metal and respondent’s injuries, we find that respondent’s request for arbitration falls within the scope of the parties’ agreement….

NOW THE DISSENT

“While “use” of a motor vehicle encompasses more than just driving and extends to other incidental activities (see Rowell v Utica Mut. Ins. Co., 77 NY2d 636, 639 ), there are limits to that term and the corresponding insurance coverage . The majority holds that the truck here was being used to contain sheet metal until the coworker could transport it, rendering the vehicle in “use.” This broad finding places no parameters on the use of a vehicle. It is unclear if the majority considered that the truck was in use while containing the sheet metal only because the coworker intended to transport the sheet metal to the junkyard that same day, or if the truck would be considered in use as a vehicle if the sheet metal was placed there a year earlier and the coworker regularly parked his truck with metal protruding from his tailgate. Conversely, if the truck was never moved from the parking lot but was regularly utilized to store different materials in the same location, would the parked truck constantly be in use as a vehicle? Rather than expanding the application of the statute and regulation requiring coverage for injuries arising out of a “motor vehicle’s ownership, maintenance or use” (11 NYCRR 60-2.3 ; see Insurance Law § 3420 ), we should adhere to the current rule that looks to whether the “circumstances constituted an ‘on-going activity relating to the vehicle’ which would necessitate a conclusion that the vehicle was in use” (Trentini v Metropolitan Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 2 AD3d 957, 958 , lv dismissed 2 NY3d 823 , quoting Matter of Celona v Royal Globe Ins. Co., 85 AD2d 635, 636 ; see Zaccari v Progressive Northwestern Ins. Co., 35 AD3d 597, 599-600 ); Wooster v Soriano, 167 AD2d at 234).

In Sullivan v Barry Scott Agency, Inc. (23 AD3d 889 ), this Court held that a plaintiff’s back injury caused by lifting a heavy box was not related to the use of a motor vehicle, even though he was standing in a delivery van when unloading the box. We found the proximity to the vehicle “wholly incidental,” “s plaintiff’s injuries would have occurred even if he had been standing on the ground and lifting the box” (id. at 890; see Sochinski v Bankers & Shippers Ins. Co., 221 AD2d 889, 889 ; United Servs. Auto. Assn. v Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 75 AD2d 1022, 1022 ; cf. Walton v Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 88 NY2d 211, 215 ). Similarly, respondent here would have received the same injuries had the sheet metal she walked into been protruding from any object other than a vehicle. Under the circumstances, there was no ongoing activity related to the parked truck — in its capacity as a motor vehicle, rather than as a storage bin for sheet metal — so as to necessitate a conclusion that the vehicle was in use when respondent was injured (see Sullivan v Barry Scott Agency, Inc., 23 AD3d at 890; Matter of New York Cent. Mut. Fire Ins. Co. , 209 AD2d 927, 928 ; Reisinger v Allstate Ins. Co., 58 AD2d 1028, 1028 , affd 44 NY2d 881 ; McConnell v Fireman’s Fund American Ins. Co., 49 AD2d at 677). Accordingly, petitioner was entitled to a stay of arbitration because its insurance policy does not provide coverage for respondent’s injuries.”

Related Articles

• A person who parks a truck on the side of the road and directs traffic is not using or operating the truck
• Use, operation and proximate cause liberally construed to afford coverage
• Understanding use and operation requirements for vehicle coverage
• Coverage determinations for use or operation disputes
• New York No-Fault Insurance Law

Legal Update (February 2026): The interpretation of “use and operation” provisions in SUM and PIP endorsements continues to evolve through New York appellate decisions, and Insurance Law § 3420 has been subject to subsequent regulatory clarifications since this 2010 analysis. Practitioners should verify current case law developments and any amended interpretations regarding coverage scope and carrier allocation responsibilities, as courts have continued to address the distinction between SUM and PIP endorsement applications in complex coverage scenarios.