Key Takeaway
Understanding the three types of appeals in New York personal injury practice. Strategic appellate guidance from experienced Long Island attorney Jason Tenenbaum.
Understanding the Three Types of Appeals in New York Personal Injury Practice
As a Long Island personal injury attorney who has handled countless appellate matters, I’ve learned that not all appeals are created equal. Understanding the different categories of appellate practice can mean the difference between a strategic victory and a costly waste of time and resources. For clients throughout Nassau County, Suffolk County, and the greater New York area, this knowledge is crucial for making informed decisions about pursuing appeals.
The Reality of Appellate Practice: A Strategic Framework
In the world of appellate practice, there are three types of appeals you can take up. The first type of appeal involves the instance where you know you are going to lose, but there is some overriding interest which compels you to file and perfect the appeal. I think this is usually relegated to the criminal side of the arena or issues involving large monetary awards that need to be challenged. These are the shot in the dark appeals. In order to win this type of appeal, spin around three times, throw a dart, and see if you can hit the bulls eye.
The second type of appeal you could take up is one where you believe the law should be a certain way, and there is case law or other sources of law out there, which if favorably construed, could support your position. This is also the category of appeal where I think if you repeat yourself a few thousand times, you might get heard. This is probably where the Dan Medical line of cases came from. I also believe that this is how the “AB v. Liberty” line of cases and the “old” Appellate Term, Fogel line of cases eventually died a well deserved death at the Appellate Division.
And then there is the third type of appeal. This is the one where the law is established, the facts are properly presented to the lower court and, for whatever reason, the lower court chooses to depart from settled precedent.
And now…
St. Vincent Med. Care, P.C. v Mercury Cas. Co., 2009 NY Slip Op 50810(U)(App. Term 2d Dept. 2009)
http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/3dseries/2009/2009\_50810.htm
In this case, Defendant moved for summary judgment based upon a prima facie showing that the contested services lacked medical necessity. There was approximately $6,000 in disputed billing, involving all types of modalities of treatment. The fourth cause of action, which was not disputed, involved a $71.49 office visit, if memory serves correct.
Plaintiff cross-moved and opposed the underlying summary judgment. Plaintiff, in opposition to Defendant’s motion argued that: (Issue #1) a business record predicate was not set forth in Defendant’s moving papers; (Issue #2) the denials were not timely and properly mailed; and (Issue #3) the services were medically necessary. The Appellate Term, for the first time, commented on Issue #1, finding that Defendant’s papers set forth a business record predicate for the admission of the denials into evidence. Those who have followed
The Strategic Landscape of Long Island Personal Injury Appeals
For personal injury practitioners serving clients across Long Island and New York City, understanding these appellate categories is essential for client counseling and case management. Each type of appeal serves different strategic purposes and carries different risk-reward profiles.
Type 1: The “Hail Mary” Appeals
These appeals are filed not because victory is likely, but because the stakes demand it. In personal injury practice, this might include:
- Cases involving significant monetary judgments that must be challenged regardless of likelihood of success
- Appeals filed to preserve issues for potential Supreme Court review
- Appeals necessary to demonstrate zealous advocacy to clients despite poor prospects
- Appeals filed for insurance coverage reasons or to satisfy policy requirements
While success rates are low, these appeals serve important strategic purposes in the broader litigation landscape.
Type 2: The “Law Development” Appeals
These appeals represent attempts to shape legal precedent. In New York personal injury practice, practitioners often pursue these appeals to:
- Expand favorable precedent in emerging areas of law
- Challenge unfavorable interpretations of existing statutes
- Create new exceptions to established rules
- Overturn outdated precedent that no longer serves justice
As Jason notes, persistence can pay off in this category. The evolution of case law often requires multiple attempts before courts are ready to accept new interpretations.
Type 3: The “Correction” Appeals
These are the appeals most likely to succeed because they involve clear errors by the trial court. In personal injury practice, these often include:
- Misapplication of well-established legal standards
- Errors in jury instruction on established points of law
- Improper exclusion of relevant evidence
- Incorrect interpretation of insurance coverage provisions
Case Study: St. Vincent Medical Care – A Type 3 Appeal
The St. Vincent Medical Care case exemplifies a Type 3 appeal situation. Here, we see a clear example of established law being improperly applied at the trial level, creating grounds for appellate correction.
The Business Records Foundation Issue
One of the most significant aspects of this case involved the business records predicate requirement. For years, practitioners had successfully challenged medical necessity denials by arguing that insurance companies failed to establish proper foundations for their peer review reports.
The Appellate Term’s ruling that “Defendant’s papers set forth a business record predicate for the admission of the denials into evidence” represents a significant shift in how courts evaluate these foundational challenges. This ruling has implications for medical providers throughout Long Island and New York City who regularly face medical necessity disputes.
Practical Implications for Medical Providers
For medical providers treating accident victims in Nassau County and Suffolk County, this case signals important changes in litigation strategy:
- Simple challenges to business records foundations may no longer be effective
- More sophisticated approaches to attacking peer review reports are needed
- Focus must shift to substantive challenges to medical necessity determinations
- Documentation supporting treatment decisions becomes even more critical
The Evolution of No-Fault Appellate Practice
The St. Vincent case represents part of an ongoing evolution in New York’s no-fault appellate practice. Understanding this evolution helps practitioners make better strategic decisions about when and how to pursue appeals.
Historical Context
Jason’s reference to the “AB v. Liberty” line of cases and the “Fogel line of cases” highlights how appellate law evolves. Cases that once represented favorable precedent can eventually become outdated as courts refine their interpretations.
This evolutionary process is particularly evident in no-fault insurance litigation, where the interplay between medical necessity standards, timing requirements, and procedural rules creates a constantly shifting legal landscape.
Strategic Timing in Appeals
Knowing when to pursue appeals requires understanding not just the strength of your legal position, but also the current trajectory of appellate law. Sometimes a Type 2 appeal (law development) can become a Type 3 appeal (correction) as the law evolves.
Practical Guidance for Long Island Accident Victims
For individuals injured in accidents throughout Long Island and New York City, understanding appellate strategy can help you make informed decisions about your case:
When Appeals Make Sense
- Clear legal errors that affected the outcome of your case
- Significant monetary awards that justify the expense of appeal
- Novel legal issues that could benefit future clients
- Procedural errors that denied you a fair trial
When Appeals May Not Be Worth Pursuing
- Jury verdicts based on credibility determinations
- Trial court rulings within established legal discretion
- Cases where the cost of appeal exceeds potential recovery
- Situations where factual disputes dominated the trial
The Economics of Appellate Practice
Appellate practice requires significant investment of time and resources. For personal injury clients, understanding these economics is crucial for making informed decisions about pursuing appeals.
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Successful appellate practice requires careful analysis of:
- Likelihood of success based on appeal type and legal issues
- Potential recovery versus costs of appeal
- Time investment and delay in resolution
- Impact on related litigation or settlement negotiations
Frequently Asked Questions
What makes an appeal likely to succeed?
Appeals are most likely to succeed when they involve clear legal errors (Type 3 appeals), established legal standards that were misapplied, or procedural violations that affected the fairness of the proceedings.
Should I appeal a jury verdict I disagree with?
Appeals based solely on disagreement with jury verdicts are rarely successful unless there were legal errors in jury instructions, evidence rulings, or procedural matters. Juries have broad discretion in credibility determinations and factual findings.
How do I know if my case involves a Type 1, 2, or 3 appeal?
This determination requires analysis by experienced appellate counsel who can evaluate the legal issues, existing precedent, and likelihood of success based on the specific circumstances of your case.
What is the timeline for pursuing an appeal?
In New York, notices of appeal must typically be filed within 30 days of the judgment or order being appealed. The appellate process usually takes 12-18 months from notice of appeal to decision.
Can I settle my case while an appeal is pending?
Yes, cases can be settled at any point during the appellate process. In fact, pending appeals sometimes create additional leverage in settlement negotiations.
Making Strategic Decisions About Appeals
The key to successful appellate practice is honest assessment of your case’s strengths and weaknesses. Not every adverse ruling justifies an appeal, and understanding the difference between the three types of appeals helps practitioners make strategic decisions that serve their clients’ best interests.
For accident victims in Long Island and New York City, this means working with attorneys who understand not just the law, but also the strategic considerations that determine when appeals are worthwhile investments.
The Future of Appellate Practice
As cases like St. Vincent Medical Care demonstrate, appellate law continues to evolve. Practitioners must stay current with these developments to effectively counsel clients and make strategic decisions about pursuing appeals.
The interaction between statutory changes, regulatory updates, and evolving case law creates a dynamic environment where yesterday’s successful arguments may no longer be effective, and new opportunities for appellate success may emerge.
Get Expert Legal Representation
At the Law Office of Jason Tenenbaum, we understand the complexities of appellate practice in New York personal injury law. Our experience with all three types of appeals gives us the insight needed to evaluate your case honestly and make strategic recommendations that serve your best interests.
Whether you’re considering an appeal of an adverse judgment, defending against an opponent’s appeal, or navigating the trial court with an eye toward preserving appellate issues, we can help. Our understanding of cases like St. Vincent Medical Care and the evolving landscape of New York appellate law ensures that you receive informed, strategic representation.
Don’t let important appellate deadlines pass or make costly strategic mistakes. Call us today at 516-750-0595 for a consultation. We’ll evaluate your case, explain your appellate options, and help you make informed decisions about the best path forward for your specific situation.
The information provided in this blog post is for educational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice. Every case is unique, and the outcome of your case will depend on the specific facts and circumstances involved. Contact an experienced attorney to discuss your particular situation.
